Teeth whitening info

A hole saw (also styled as holesaw) is a saw that is in the shape of a circle. It is used in a drill to cut large holes in reasonably thin material.

Holesaws have the same general mechanical construction as the diamond core drill bit, but, instead of the abrasive effect of diamonds, the holesaw uses the cutting effect of saw teeth. The open end of the saw’s cylinder is milled with saw teeth. Instead of masonry, the holesaw is suitable for cutting wood, plastic, soft plaster or soft metal.

The placement of the saw teeth makes the cut annulus slightly wider than the cylinder wall thickness, so the cylinder doesn’t rub in the cut. Just as in the diamond core drill bit, the cylinder is mounted on a mandrel — an arbor with a centre pilot drill — and has sloping slots to clear sawdust.

Adjustable holesaw

An adjustable holesaw consists of a number of thin metal saw blade-like strips, and a flat disc with a large number of grooves in one side and a shank on the other. By snapping the blades into different grooves on the disc, a hole saw of a wide variety of sizes can be constructed.

Circle cutter

Another type of adjustable hole saw, also called a circle cutter, is formed by having one, two, or three adjustable teeth on a platform with a pilot bit. To cut out a hole of any size, the teeth need only be adjusted to the proper position. This type is available in sizes up to a foot and larger, and can be used to accurately cut large circles.

Bidental consonants, pronounced with both the lower and upper teeth, are normally found only in speech pathology. The Extended IPA symbol is both a superscript and a subscript bridge, .

Besides interdental consonants such as , which involve the tongue, there is at least one confirmed attestation of a true bidental consonant in normal language. The Black Sea sub-dialect of the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe has a bidental non-sibilant fricative where other dialects have [x], such as xə “six” and daxə “pretty”. Therefore it might best be transcribed phonemically as . However, there is no frication at the velum. The teeth themselves are the only constriction: “The lips [are] fully open, the teeth clenched and the tongue flat, the air passing between the teeth; the sound is intermediate between ‘ and ‘” (quoted in Ladefoged & Maddieson, The Sounds of the World’s Languages, pp 144-145). This can be transcribed phonetically as , since [h] has no place of articulation of its own.

The maxillary second molar is the tooth located laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both the maxillary first molars of the mouth but mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both maxillary third molars. This is true only in permanent teeth. In deciduous (baby) teeth, the maxillary second molar is the last tooth in the mouth and does not have a third molar behind it. The function of this molar is similar to that of all molars in regard to grinding being the principle action during mastication, commonly known as chewing. There are usually four cusps on maxillary molars, two on the buccal (side nearest the cheek) and two palatal (side nearest the palate). There are great differences between the deciduous (baby) maxillary molars and those of the permanent maxillary molars, even though their function are similar. It is important to note that the permanent maxillary molars are not considered to have any teeth that precede it. Despite being named molars, the deciduous molars are followed by permanent premolars.

In the universal system of notation, the deciduous maxillary second molars are designated by a letter written in uppercase. The right deciduous maxillary second molar is known as “A”, and the left one is known as “J”. The international notation has a different system of notation. Thus, the right deciduous maxillary second molar is known as “55″, and the left one is known as “65″.

In the universal system of notation, the permanent maxillary second molars are designated by a number. The right permanent maxillary second molar is known as “2″, and the left one is known as “15″. In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right second molars would have the same number, “7″, but the right one would have the symbol, “┘”, underneath it, while the left one would have, “└”. The international notation has a different numbering system than the previous two, and the right permanent maxillary second molar is known as “17″, and the left one is known as “27″.

References

• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson, 2003. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition.

In cryptography, key whitening is a technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption.

The first block cipher to use a form of key whitening is DES-X, which simply uses two extra 64-bit keys for whitening, beyond the normal 56-bit key of DES. This is intended to increase the complexity of a brute force attack, increasing the effective size of the key without major changes in the algorithm. DES-X’s inventor, Ron Rivest, named the technique whitening.

The cipher FEAL (followed by Khufu and Khafre) introduced the practice of key whitening using portions of the same key used in the rest of the cipher. Obviously this offers no additional protection from brute force attacks, but it can make other attacks more difficult. In a Feistel cipher or similar algorithm, key whitening can increase security by concealing the specific inputs to the first and last round function. In particular, it is not susceptible to a meet-in-the-middle attack. This form of key whitening has been adopted as a feature of many later block ciphers, including MARS, RC6, and Twofish.

References

Caries is a progressive destruction of any kind of bone structure, including the skull, ribs, teeth and other bones. Caries can be caused by osteomyelitis, which is a bacterial disease. A disease which involves caries is mastoiditis, an inflammation of the mastoid process, in which the bone gets eroded.

Types

Dental caries is one of many types of caries. Dental caries affects different parts of the teeth: enamel, dentin or cementum; in the crown or the root of the tooth.

Diastema is a gap or space between two teeth. The term is most commonly applied to be an open space between the upper incisors (front teeth). It happens when there is an unequal relationship between the size of the teeth and the jaw. Many species of mammals have diastema as a normal feature, for example the gap between molars and incisors in rodents.

Diastema is sometimes caused or exacerbated by tongue thrusting or the pulling action of a labial frenulum (the tissue around the lip), which can push the teeth apart.

In the Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote of the “gap-toothed wife of Bath.” As early as this time period, the gap between the front teeth, especially in women, had been associated with “lustful” characteristics. Thus, the implication in describing “the gap-toothed wyf of Bath” is that she is a “middle-aged” woman with insatiable lust. This has no scientific basis, but it has been a popular assumption in folklore since the Middle Ages.

In Nigerian society, diastemata are regarded as attractive, and some people have even had them created through cosmetic dentistry.Oji, C. (1994). Diastema in Nigerian Society. Retrieved June 23, 2007.

Les Blank’s Gap-Toothed Women is a documentary film about diastematic women.

See also

• Cosmetic dentistry
• Tooth veneers

References

Named after the Hindu goddess Kali, the Kali’s teeth bracelet is often used as a form of chastity device (see chastity belts) for men. Consisting of a metal ring with blunt spikes on its inside surface, it is locked around the shaft of the flaccid penis. Made in size so that it is unable to come off when a man is not aroused, should he become partially erect, the spikes will press into the soft tissue of the penis, thus causing pain without damage and preventing the male from becoming fully aroused.

See also

• Erotic sexual denial
• Female dominance

External links

• Mistress Infinity (Femina Society) how-to from mid-1990s (most external links from that page are now defunct)
• Picture of Kali’s teeth bracelet

Hammaspeikko, Finnish for “tooth troll”, is a metaphorical device for explaining tooth decay (caries) to children, akin to the Tooth Fairy. Eating candy lures tooth trolls, which drill holes into teeth and look scary. Brushing the teeth scares them away. It is not clear whether the tooth troll is a single entity, or if there are many.

Similar spirits were believed to cause toothache in the old Finnish religion.

A Quad Helix (or quadhelix) is an orthodontic appliance for the upper teeth that is cemented in the mouth. It is attached to the molars by 2 bands and has four active helix springs that widen the arch of the mouth to make room for crowded teeth, or correct a posterior cross-bite, where lower teeth are buccal (outer) than upper teeth.
A variety of this appliance is inserted into attachments that are welded to the bands. In this way the orthodontist can adjust the appliance without removing the bands.

Bidental consonants, pronounced with both the lower and upper teeth, are normally found only in speech pathology. The Extended IPA symbol is both a superscript and a subscript bridge, .

Besides interdental consonants such as , which involve the tongue, there is at least one confirmed attestation of a true bidental consonant in normal language. The Black Sea sub-dialect of the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe has a bidental non-sibilant fricative where other dialects have [x], such as xə “six” and daxə “pretty”. Therefore it might best be transcribed phonemically as . However, there is no frication at the velum. The teeth themselves are the only constriction: “The lips [are] fully open, the teeth clenched and the tongue flat, the air passing between the teeth; the sound is intermediate between ‘ and ‘” (quoted in Ladefoged & Maddieson, The Sounds of the World’s Languages, pp 144-145). This can be transcribed phonetically as , since [h] has no place of articulation of its own.

Phocodontia is a group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied genera. The name means “with teeth like seal’s” (Phoca is a genus of seals).

(This definition is from the 1913 Webster’s Dictionary and may be outdated.)

See also Odontoceti, Archaeoceti for modern classifications.

Crooked Teeth (2006) is the second single released by the band Death Cab for Cutie on Atlantic Records. It features the single “Crooked Teeth” and two B-side tracks. “Talking Like Turnstiles” is a B-side from their 2005 album Plans. “World Shut Your Mouth” is a Julian Cope cover originally released as a B-side on the Internet-only “Title and Registration” single.

Track listing

1. “Crooked Teeth” – 3:23
2. “World Shut Your Mouth” – 3:01 (Julian Cope Cover)(Non-Album Track)
3. “Talking Like Turnstiles” – 2:59 (Bonus Track)

Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure from flexural forces. This has not been supported yet by dental research but it is hypothesized that enamel, especially at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), undergo this pattern of destruction by separating the enamel rods.

As teeth flex under pressure, the arrangement of teeth touching each other, known as occlusion, causes tension on one side of the tooth and compression on the other side of the tooth. This is believed to cause V-shaped depressions on the side under tension and C-shaped depressions on the side under compression.

This theory does not fully satisfy many researchers because there are many teeth whose occlusion causes tension and compression on either side. Consequently, it would be expected that many more teeth would show signs of abfraction, but this is not the case. Research is ongoing to identify the role abfraction has on this pattern of tooth destruction.

See also

• Attrition
• Erosion
• Abrasion
• Bruxism

References

• The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
• Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. “Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach.” 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.

Crooked Teeth (2006) is the second single released by the band Death Cab for Cutie on Atlantic Records. It features the single “Crooked Teeth” and two B-side tracks. “Talking Like Turnstiles” is a B-side from their 2005 album Plans. “World Shut Your Mouth” is a Julian Cope cover originally released as a B-side on the Internet-only “Title and Registration” single.

Track listing

1. “Crooked Teeth” – 3:23
2. “World Shut Your Mouth” – 3:01 (Julian Cope Cover)(Non-Album Track)
3. “Talking Like Turnstiles” – 2:59 (Bonus Track)

In dentistry, hypodontia is the condition of naturally having fewer than the regular number of teeth. In Caucasians, the most commonly missing teeth are the wisdom teeth (25-35%), the upper lateral incisors (2%) or the lower second premolars (3%) The congenital absence of all teeth is called anodontia.
Hypodontia is often familial, or associated with ectodermal dysplasia or Down syndrome.
A similar condition is hyperdontia, in which there are more than the usual number of teeth.
Hypodontia explains a situation when there is a missing number of 6 teeth or less. The condition of missing over 6 teeth is called oligodontia.

The mandibular first premolar is the tooth located laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both the mandibular canines of the mouth but mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular second premolars. The function of this premolar is similar to that of canines in regard to tearing being the principle action during mastication, commonly known as chewing. Mandibular first premolars have two cusps. The one large and sharp is located on the buccal side (closest to the cheek) of the tooth. Since the lingual cusp (located nearer the tongue) is small and nonfunctional (which refers to a cusp not active in chewing), the mandibular first premolar resembles a small canine. There are no deciduous (baby) mandibular premolars. Instead, the teeth that precede the permanent mandibular premolars are the deciduous mandibular molars.

Sometimes, premolars are referred to as bicuspids. Even though the terms are synonymous, “bicuspid” refers to having two functional cusps, and the mandibular first premolar is an example of a premolar with only one functional cusp. Thus, “biscupid” is technically not as accurate as “premolar”.

In the universal system of notation, the permanent mandibular premolars are designated by a number. The right permanent mandibular first premolar is known as “28″, and the left one is known as “21″. In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right first premolars would have the same number, “4″, but the right one would have the symbol, “┐”, over it, while the left one would have, “┌”. The international notation has a different numbering system than the previous two, and the right permanent mandibular first premolar is known as “44″, and the left one is known as “34″.

References

• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson, 2003. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition.

Ctenoid means ‘having the margin toothed like a comb’. It is used to the scales of some fishes, such as perciforms that have such a toothed margin. Ctenoid scales are essentially cycloid scales with teeth at their posterior edges. It is thought that these teeth help to reduce hydrodynamic drag during swimming. Ctenoid scales are found in many teleosts. Fish with ctenoid scales feel rough if rubbed or stroked from tail to head.

External links

• Zoolab article with illustration of ctenoid scale

The word serration has several meanings:

• A serrated edge is one with a running pattern of regular, triangular teeth. Most kinds of saw have serrated edges on their cutting blades as do many knives.
• Animal teeth that are serrated have saw-like projections running along one or more edges, usually to assist with cutting through flesh.
• A serration in vexillology is a flag pattern of two colors joined at a serrated edge. The national flags of Bahrain and Qatar, for example, are serrations.
• A serration in aeronautics is an airframe shape commonly seen in stealth aircraft, such as the USAF B-2 stealth bomber.
• A serration profile is a serration extruded into a three-dimensional shape, such as the screw thread on cross section of a screw.
• In plant identification, serrate means toothed. A doubly serrate margin for instance, would be a leaf margin with toothed teeth.
• The Serrate radar detector was an Allied Lichtenstein radar detection and homing device, used in night fighter to track down German night fighters equipped with Lichtenstein radar during World War II.

Named after the Hindu goddess Kali, the Kali’s teeth bracelet is often used as a form of chastity device (see chastity belts) for men. Consisting of a metal ring with blunt spikes on its inside surface, it is locked around the shaft of the flaccid penis. Made in size so that it is unable to come off when a man is not aroused, should he become partially erect, the spikes will press into the soft tissue of the penis, thus causing pain without damage and preventing the male from becoming fully aroused.

See also

• Erotic sexual denial
• Female dominance

External links

• Mistress Infinity (Femina Society) how-to from mid-1990s (most external links from that page are now defunct)
• Picture of Kali’s teeth bracelet

The white hand sign is a medical sign observed as a visible whitening of skin on the hand when the subject elevates the hands above the shoulder girdle with fingers pointing to the ceiling and palms facing forward. It results from this change in position causing a compression of the subclavian artery and temporary loss of circulation, as often occurs in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome, a complex syndrome involving the compression of various nerves and blood vessels between the axilla (armpit) and the base of the neck.

See also

• Adson’s sign

External links

• The white hand sign in diagnosis of TOS

Optical brighteners, optical brightening agents, fluorescent brightening agents or fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are dyes that absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region. These additives are often used to enhance the appearance of color of fabric and paper, causing a “whitening” effect, making materials look less yellow and by increasing the overall amount of light reflected to the eye.

The most common class of chemicals with this property are the stilbenes and fluorescent dyes such as umbelliferone, which absorb energy in the UV portion of the spectrum and re-emit it in the blue portion of the visible spectrum. A white surface treated with an optical brightener emits more visible light than shines on it, making it appear brighter. The blue light emitted by the brightener hides yellow and brown tones, making treated materials appear whiter.

Brighteners are commonly added to laundry detergents to replace whitening agents removed during washing and to make the clothes appear cleaner. Optical brighteners have replaced bluing which was formerly used to produce the same effect. Some brighteners can cause allergic reactions when in contact with skin.

Brighteners are used in many papers, especially high brightness papers, resulting in their strongly fluorescent appearance under UV illumination. Paper used for banknotes does not contain optical brighteners, so a common method for detecting forged notes is to check for fluorescence.

Care should be taken that military uniforms such as the Army Combat Uniform, Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, and the Airman Battle Uniform are not washed with optical brighteners, as these will make them more visible through Night Vision Devices or under low light conditions.

References

External links

• Treatise on the chemistry of optical brighteners and their applications
• Laundry detergent components by brand

The mandibular first premolar is the tooth located laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both the mandibular canines of the mouth but mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular second premolars. The function of this premolar is similar to that of canines in regard to tearing being the principle action during mastication, commonly known as chewing. Mandibular first premolars have two cusps. The one large and sharp is located on the buccal side (closest to the cheek) of the tooth. Since the lingual cusp (located nearer the tongue) is small and nonfunctional (which refers to a cusp not active in chewing), the mandibular first premolar resembles a small canine. There are no deciduous (baby) mandibular premolars. Instead, the teeth that precede the permanent mandibular premolars are the deciduous mandibular molars.

Sometimes, premolars are referred to as bicuspids. Even though the terms are synonymous, “bicuspid” refers to having two functional cusps, and the mandibular first premolar is an example of a premolar with only one functional cusp. Thus, “biscupid” is technically not as accurate as “premolar”.

In the universal system of notation, the permanent mandibular premolars are designated by a number. The right permanent mandibular first premolar is known as “28″, and the left one is known as “21″. In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right first premolars would have the same number, “4″, but the right one would have the symbol, “┐”, over it, while the left one would have, “┌”. The international notation has a different numbering system than the previous two, and the right permanent mandibular first premolar is known as “44″, and the left one is known as “34″.

References

• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson, 2003. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition.

Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans. There are 32 permanent teeth, consisting of 6 maxillary and 6 mandibular molars, 4 maxillary and 4 mandibular premolars, 2 maxillary and 2 mandibular canines, 4 maxillary and 4 mandibular incisors.

The first permanent tooth usually appears in the mouth at around six years of age, and the mouth will then be in a transition period with both deciduous teeth and permanent teeth until the last deciduous tooth is lost. The last permanent tooth usually arrives at around 18 years of age, but this can vary greatly between individuals.

References

• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson, 2003. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition.

A Quad Helix (or quadhelix) is an orthodontic appliance for the upper teeth that is cemented in the mouth. It is attached to the molars by 2 bands and has four active helix springs that widen the arch of the mouth to make room for crowded teeth, or correct a posterior cross-bite, where lower teeth are buccal (outer) than upper teeth.
A variety of this appliance is inserted into attachments that are welded to the bands. In this way the orthodontist can adjust the appliance without removing the bands.

Aim is a brand of toothpaste from Church and Dwight. Aim is known for having a milder mint flavor than most toothpastes. In stores in the U.S., Aim is typically priced at a significant discount to the major toothpaste brands.

Aim was introduced in 1975 by Unilever, and the brand was purchased by Church and Dwight in 2003.

Varieties

• Aim Cavity Protection Toothpaste Mint Gel
• Aim Tartar Control Toothpaste Gel
• Aim Whitening Toothpaste with Baking Soda Mint Gel
• Aim Multi-Benefit Cavity Protection with Fluoride

Slogan

Aim’s slogans are “Fights cavities…Children like the taste” and “The Great Tasting Gel!”. When the brand was introduced in 1975, the tagline was “Take Aim against cavities!”

See also

• Dental hygiene
• List of toothpaste brands
• Teeth
• Toothpaste
• Cavity

A Bucksaw is a hand saw generally used to cut logs or firewood to length (bucking). It usually has a metal frame (”H” or “C”-shaped) and a removable blade with coarse teeth held in tension by the frame. Lightweight portable or foldable models used for camping or back-packing are also available. It is often referred to as a bow saw in the North American hardware market, but that traditionally term refers to a different type of saw with a wooden frame.

A buck saw is also a form of the crosscut saw. The width of the blade is constant from the teeth to the back. It is meant to cut wood fibers that are in tension and is thick so that it will be more difficult to bend on the push stroke. They can be either a one or two-man saw.

The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW), founded in 1995 as the Violence Against Women Office, is a part of the United States Department of Justice that deals with violence against women, specifically implementing “the mandates of the Violence Against Women Act and subsequent legislation”[1].

External links

• Office of Violence Against Women Website

Provides exceelent funding for programs.

Kyasanur forest disease is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to South Asia. The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family flaviviridae.

History

The disease was first reported from Kyasanur Forest of Karnataka in India. The disease was first manifested as an epizootic outbreak among monkeys killing several of them in the year 1957. Hence the disease is also known as Monkey Disease.

Transmission

The reservoir hosts for the disease are porcupines, rats and mice. The vector for disease transmission is Haemaphysalis spinigera, a forest tick. Humans contract infection from the bite of nymphs of the tick.

Presentation

The disease has a high morbidity rate of 10 %.

The clinical manifestations of the disease in humans are:

• High fever
• Headache
• Haemorrhages from nasal cavity and throat
  
• Vomiting

An affected person may recover in two weeks time, but the convalescent period is typically very long, lasting for several months. There will be muscle aches and weakness during this period and the affected person is unable to engage in physical activities.

Prevention and treatment

Prophylaxis by vaccination, as well as preventive measures like protective clothing, tick control, and mosquito control are advised. An attenuated live vaccine is now available. Specific treatments are not available.

Relativistic quantum chemistry is a branch of quantum chemistry that applies relativistic mechanics, and, in particular the Dirac equation or an approximation to it (e.g., at the lowest level, the Pauli equation), to electron dynamics and chemical bonding, especially the behavior of the heavier elements of the periodic table.

Many of the chemical and physical differences between the 6th Row (Cs-Rn) and the 5th Row (Rb-Xe) arise from the larger relativistic effects for the former. These relativistic effects are particularly large for gold and its neighbours, platinum and mercury.

The is a classification in modern Japanese literature used for writers who appeared on the postwar literary scene between 1948 and 1949.

Exceptional in this generation of postwar writers is Mishima Yukio and Abe Kōbō, both of whom have received acclaim in Japan and abroad. At times, their reputation abroad has surpassed that of their reputation in Japan. The Second Generation writer Ōoka Shōhei is considered one of the most prolific writers of war letters in Japan.

List of Second Generation writers

• Ōoka Shōhei (大岡昇平)
• Mishima Yukio (三島由紀夫)
• Abe Kōbō (安部公房)
• Shimao Toshio (島尾敏雄)
• Hotta Yoshie (堀田善衛)
• Inoue Mitsuharu (井上光晴)

See also

• Japanese literature
• The First Generation of Postwar Writers
• The Third Generation of Postwar Writers

An inference procedure is a key component of the knowledge engineering process, sometimes known as abduction. After all preliminary information gathering and modeling is completed, queries are passed to the inference procedure to get answers. In this step, we let the inference procedure operate on the axioms and problem-specific facts to derive the information we are interested in knowing.

During this process, abduction is used to seek out assumptions which, when combined with a theory, can achieve some desired goal for the system without contradicting known facts. By seeking out more and more assumptions, worlds are generated with consistent (non-contradicting) knowledge.

See also

• Logical reasoning
• Abductive validation
• Knowledge level modeling

The term Popular Alliance may refer to:

• Popular Alliance of Sammarinese Democrats for the Republic
• Popular Alliance of Chile (proposed name for the Alliance for Chile)
• Popular Alliance (UK) UK political party formed in 2006.
• Popular Alliance (Spain), predecessor of the current conservative party Partido Popular

The Madonna dell’Impannata is a painting by the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael.

In the mid-1510s Raphael had passed from the highly synthetic and expressive compositions of the first years of the decade to representations which were more and more complex and even more dispersive. Most of these were also finished by his pupils, for this was the busiest moment in Raphael’s career.

The Madonna dell’Impannata was also painted with the help of assistants. According to some critics, the assistants executed the entire painting. But others see the master’s hand at least in the major figures (some say in the Christ Child, some in St. Elizabeth, some in both figures). The composition is innovative in respect to the usual iconography of the holy family. It shows St. Catherine, St. Elizabeth, Christ, the Virgin and St. John gathered together in a group. A large tent is visible in the background and a window covered by linen (the impannata, or cloth covering of a window, which gives the painting its name) can be seen at the extreme right. Like many other works by Raphael, this painting was carried off by the French in 1799 and was not returned until after the Congress of Vienna, in 1815.

Josh Fraser (born January 5, 1982) is an Australian rules footballer in the Australian Football League.

From Mansfield via Murray U18, Fraser was the number one pick in the 1999 National Draft, going to Collingwood. The tall ruckman was quiet when arrived at Victoria Park but soon became a valuable senior player, and ended up playing 21 games in the season. He won an AFL Rising Star nomination in his debut year. In 2001 Fraser continued to press and show his ability, but as a ruckman, his 202 cm stature did not show, as his ruckwork was mediocre. He did however kick 21 goals in 21 games, and find the ball, no matter how tall he was, he was mobile.

He played all 25 games in 2002, but he was inconsistent, and was not improving in his prime position, the ruck. He though proved as a goalkicker, this time kicking 37 goals, and being a key member in the Grand Final side, he kicked 3 goals, following a 3 goal haul in the Preliminary Final. His best season though came in 2003 where he showed why he was a no.1 draft pick. He found the ball as often as he could, having over 340 disposals in the season, but the main stat was he had 300 hitouts. He also chipped in with 20 goals. In 2004 he was inconsistent, however showed he was one of the most important members to the side. His skills as a ruckman who could find the ball were once again seen, and when he was not playing, the Pies struggled. His best game came when he was 1 of only 2 players to beat All-Australian ruckman Peter Everitt, in a game which saw Josh have 21 touches, 29 hitouts and kick 2 goals. He also bought up his 100th game.He was however embarrassed totally in one agame against Essendon in round 20, where Opposition ruckman David Hille ran riot. Fraser would later concede that Hille was his ‘bogey’ man.

The 2005 season was a year to forget for the Magpies, and for Fraser. Chronic knee injuries slowed his process and he only managed 5 games for the season.

2006 Season

Josh would enjoy a stellar 2006 season, being injury free and being one of the most respected ruckman during the year. He would play all 23 games with no real back-up, due to the lack of quality ruckman at the club. Fraser showed incredible mobility as a ruckman, despite his awkward look. He would be better as a tap ruckman also, having 341 hitouts for the year, his best return. Josh was a go to man across the ground and also provided good value moving up at half-forward, kicking 16.20. He would average more than 17 touches a game, more than 7 marks a game, and 15 hitouts. He finished 4th in the Copeland Trophy, along with Heath Shaw, only three votes behind the eventual winner Alan Didak.

External links

Stamped concrete is concrete that is patterned and/or textured to resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, and various other patterns and textures. Stamped concrete is commonly used for patios, sidewalks, driveways, and floors. The ability of stamped concrete to resemble other building materials makes stamped concrete a less expensive alternative to using those other materials.

There are three procedures used in stamped concrete which separate it from other concrete procedures; the addition of a base color, the addition of an accent color, and stamping a pattern into the concrete. These three procedures provide stamped concrete with a color and shape similar to the natural building material.

Procedures

Adding base color

The base color is the primary color used in stamped concrete. The base color is chosen to reflect the color of the natural building material. The base color is produced by adding a color hardener to the concrete. Color hardener is a powder pigment used to dye the concrete.

The color hardener can be applied using one of two procedures; integral color or cast-on color. Integral color is the procedure where the entire volume of concrete is dyed the base color. The entire volume of concrete is colored by adding the color hardener to the concrete truck, and allowing all the concrete in the truck to be dyed. Cast-on color is the procedure where the surface of the concrete is dyed the base color. The surface of the concrete is colored by spreading the color hardener onto the surface of the wet concrete and floating the powder into the top layer of the wet concrete.

Adding accent color

The accent color is the secondary color used in stamped concrete. The secondary color is used to produce texture and show additional building materials (e.g. grout) in the stamped concrete. The accent color is produced by applying color release to the concrete. Color release has two purposes. Color release is a pigment used to color the concrete and color release is a non-adhesive used to prevent the concrete stamps from sticking to the concrete.

The color release can be applied in one of two procedures; cast-on color release or spray-on color release. Cast-on color release is a procedure where the powder color release is applied by spreading the color release on the surface of the concrete before the concrete is stamped. Spray-on color release is a procedure where liquid color release is sprayed on the bottom of the concrete stamps before the concrete is stamped.

Stamping patterns

The pattern is the shape of the surface of the stamped concrete. The pattern reflects the shape of the natural building material. The pattern is made by imprinting the concrete shortly after it has been poured with a “concrete stamp”. Most modern concrete stamps are made of polyurethane, but older “cookie cutter” style stamps were made of various metals. The old style stamps lacked the capabilities of forming natural stone texture.

Concrete stamping is the procedure which uses the concrete stamps to make the pattern in the stamped concrete. Concrete stamps are placed on the concrete after the color release has been applied. The concrete stamps are pushed into the concrete and then removed to leave the pattern in the stamped concrete.

See also

• Concrete
• Decorative concrete

External links

• Cement and Concrete Basics

Silver Bow, Montana is unincorporated community located near the interchange of Interstate 15 and Interstate 90, west of Butte in Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. Silver Bow is at Exit 119 off I-15, near the Port of Montana. It is well known locally as the location of the Silver Bow Twin Drive-In. Silver Bow has a small elementary school.

Raffles, Gentleman Thug is a comic strip featured in adult comic Viz featuring a nineteenth-century nobleman given to ‘immense erudition and wanton violence’. The basic premise is a nod/ripoff of E. W. Hornung’s Raffles the Thief character, the main difference being that this Raffles is very much a 21st century hooligan despite his use of Victorian language.
The strip parodies British yob culture, placing modern day situations in a Victorian/Edwardian setting, and Raffles himself uses antiquated or formal words in very informal or modern situations.

For example:

• ‘Bollocks to this’ becomes ‘Testicles to this’

• ‘Fuck this shit’ becomes ‘Fornicate this ordure’

• ‘Kick the little bastard’ becomes ‘Lapidate the little illegitimate’

• ‘Tits oot for the lads’ (tag line of Viz character Sid the Sexist ) becomes ‘Remove your decollétage from its corsetry for the delectation of the gentlemen present’

• ‘Fanny magnet’ (when describing his new automobile) becomes ‘Vaginal lodestone’

• ‘You big girl’s blouse’ becomes ‘You sizable ladies chemise’

Raffles has found himself in many situations featuring famous characters and events from the 19th century and early 20th century:

• Playing cricket against the world famous W. G. Grace, cheating him and then beating him up in the toilets

• Knocking out the Elephant Man, Joseph Merrick during a visit to a fairground freak show after accusing him of “looking at his bird”

• Travelling on the RMS Titanic and then disguising himself as a woman so he can board a lifeboat. Without booking passage, Raffles bluffed his way aboard the Titanic by claiming to know the captain. When a sailor challenged Raffles to identify the captain by name, Raffles bluffed “Erm, Smith” and was told “Welcome aboard”. (The captain’s name was Edward Smith.)

• Fighting in WW1, bullying war poet Rupert Brooke and acting like a football hooligan during the 1914 Christmas Truce

• Attending a party at Clarence House in which he gets into an argument with King Edward VII , resulting in the King being slashed across the face with a cut throat razor

• Pushing in the front of a Taxi queue after a night out only to be beaten to a pulp by ‘Lords Ronnie and Reggie of Kray’

• Being brutally beaten by Oscar Wilde after insulting his companion.

Raffles is always accompanied by his loyal friend Bunny and has other acquaintances such as ‘Dave, 6th Earl of Bermondsey’ (a notorious section of South East London) and Clarence, 3rd Earl of Burberry (a reference to Burberry, often stereotyped as the fashion brand of choice for Britain’s ‘chavs’).

Raffles often uses modern-day techniques during his daily escapades - in a recent episode, he broke a wine bottle and stabbed someone with it (today known as “glassing”) and used a Stanley knife to threaten someone into giving him their wallet. In another strip Raffles and Bunny went to visit the Earl of Burberry only to find his house ablaze (Burberry had fallen asleep in front of the magic lantern and left the quail pan on). The fire brigade arrived and were subsequently pelted with rocks by Raffles, Bunny and Burberry.

Quotes

Is sir perchance passing by the infirmary on his way home? If so perhaps he’d like to stitch this fucker

Is sir addressing me or is he masticating on a house brick? Because either way sir loses his fucking teeth.

(While assaulting the ambassador to Moldavia) Have you had enough? Have you had enough you fucking Moldavian bastard, your Excellency.

All Bow Street Runners are illegitimate

A wordmark, subset of the term logotype, is a standardized graphic representation of the name of a company, institution, or product name used for purposes of identification and branding. A wordmark is usually a distinct text-only typographic treatment as can be found in the graphic identities of Accenture, the Government of Canada, FedEx, Kellogg’s, Google, JetBlue, Microsoft, Sears, and Yahoo!. The organization name is incorporated as a simple graphic treatment to create a clear, visually memorable identity. The representation of the word becomes a visual symbol of the organization or product.

In the United States and European Union a wordmark may be registered, making it protected intellectual property.

Bibliography

• McWade, John. Before and After Graphics for Business. Peachpit Press: 2005. ISBN 978-0321334152.
• White, Alexander W. The Elements of Graphic Design: Space, Unity, Page Architecture, and Type. Allworth: 2002. ISBN 978-1581152500.
• Wheeler, Alina. Designing Brand Identity: A Complete Guide to Creating, Building, and Maintaining Strong Brands. Wiley: 2006. ISBN 978-0471746843.

The Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, commonly known as TADA, was an Indian law active between 1985 and 1995 (modified in 1987) for the prevention of terrorist activities in Punjab. It was renewed in 1989, 1991 and 1993 before being allowed to lapse in 1995 due to increasing unpopularity due to widespread allegations of abuse.
The drawback was that it didn’t provide a definition of the term ‘terrorist’.
The Act does not define the term ‘terrorist’. It presumed that the accused was guilty.
It had a conviction rate of less than 1% despite the fact that, under criminal law, a confession before a police officer, even though being given under torture, was admissible as evidence in court. A special court known as TADA court was set up to hear the cases and deliver judgements pertaining to 1993 Bombay bombings

See also

• Anti-terrorism legislation

External links

• TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987
• India Human Rights Press Backgrounder - Anti-Terrorism Legislation

Donovan’s Brain is a 1942 horror novel by Curt Siodmak.

The story revolves around an attempt to keep alive the brain of millionaire megalomaniac W.H. Donovan after an otherwise fatal plane crash. Donovan, who has been pioneering the method of keeping the brain alive in electrically charge saline solution, becomes the first recipient of his treatment. Gradually, the increasingly evil brain develops telepathic abilities and becomes able to control the mind of Dr. Patrick Cory, the character who is keeping the brain alive.

The brain uses Cory to do his bidding, mainly to ensure that his hefty fortune is inherited by his chosen benefactor. Cory becomes increasingly like Donovan himself, his physique and manner morphing into the image of the departed scientist. Donovan’s crazed bidding culminates in an attempt by Cory to kill a young girl who stands in the way of his plan. After this, Cory turns on the brain and resists its hypnotic power by repeating the rhyme “He thrusts his fists against the posts and still insists he sees the ghosts” over and over. He destroys the housing tank with an ax and leaves the brain of Donovan to die, thus ending his reign of madness once and for all.

The novel has been adapted for the screen several times, most notably as The Lady and the Monster (1944) and Donovan’s Brain (1953), the latter starring Nancy Reagan.

In 1982, the lp album release of the 1944 radio version (from the series Suspense and starring Orson Welles) won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.

The title is satrized in an episode of Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, called “Donovan’s Brainiac”, where the nephew of Dr. Donovan uses the brain of the Legion Ex Machina’s Number Five in a robot he built for a science fair.

The novel has become somewhat of a cult, with fans including Stephen King. King discusses the novel in his own book Danse Macabre and the line Cory uses to resist Donovan is repeated to similar effect in his horror novel, It (novel).

Hemidesmosomes (HD) are very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin. They are similar in form to desmosomes. The HD comprises two rivet-like plaques (the inner and outer plaques), together with the anchoring fibrils and anchoring filaments these are collectively termed the HD-stable adhesion complex or HD-anchoring filament complex.
Together, the HD-anchoring filament complex forms a continuous structural link between the basal keratinocyte keratin intermediate filaments and the underlying basement membrane zone (BMZ) and dermal components. Over the past decade, these structures have been shown to comprise a variety of some 10 or more molecular components.

An example configuration of a hemidesmosome might consist of cytosolic keratin, non-covalently bonded to a cytosolic plectin plaque, which is bonded to a single-pass transmembrane adhesion molecule such as the α6β4 integrin. The integrin might then attach to one of many multi-adhesive proteins such as laminin, resident within the extracellular matrix, thereby forming one of many potential adhesions between cell and matrix.

Electron microscopic analysis of the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ) reveals that it comprises a narrow and sometimes folded interface between the basal keratinocytes and the dermis. At high power, several complex structures are observed within the epidermal BMZ. The epidermal BMZ shows small (< 0.5 micrometers), regularly spaced electron dense structures which are the hemidesmosomes. Thin, extracellular, electron-dense lines, parallel to the plasma membrane, subjacent to the outer plaque are visible in one third of HDs and are termed sub-basal dense plates (SBDPs).
Anchoring filaments traverse the lamina lucida space and appear to insert into the electron dense zone, the lamina densa. Beneath the lamina densa, loop-structured, cross-banded anchoring fibrils extend more than 300 nm beneath the basement membrane within the papillary dermis. The length of these loops may enable them to link or encircle dermal collagen fibers or other components such as those of the elastic microfibril network.

See also

• desmosome
• epidermolysis bullosa
• junctional complex

Trinity Peninsula () is the extreme northeast portion of the Antarctic Peninsula, extending northeastward for about 130 km (80 miles) from a line connecting Cape Kater and Cape Longing. Dating back more than a century, chartmakers used various names (Trinity, Palmer, Louis Philippe) for this portion of the Antarctic peninsula, each name having some historical merit. The recommended name derives from “Trinity Land” given by Edward Bransfield in January 1820, although the precise application by him has not been identified with certainty and is a matter of different interpretation by Antarctic historians. Named after the Trinity Board.

Apache tears are a kind of nodular obsidian (volcanic black glass). When polished, it is opaque to nearly translucent. The color ranges from red to brown to black.

Apache tears have rounded forms (0.5 to 5 cm). They are often found embedded in a greyish-white perlite matrix.

The name Apache tear stems from a legend regarding the Apache tribe. In retaliation for raiding an Arizona settlement, the U.S. military trailed the offending band of about 75 Apache warriors and launched a surprise attack against them. Nearly 50 died in the first volley of shots, and the rest leapt over a cliff rather than allow themselves to be killed. The Apache tear stones are supposedly the tears that their wives and families shed for them.

American singer songwriter Johnny Cash wrote lyrics entitled Apache Tears for his album Bitter Tears (Ballads Of The American Indian).

See also

• Pele’s tears

External links

• Legend of the Apache Tear
• Native American Legends

The Popular Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Popular Socialista, PPS) is a communist party in Mexico. It was founded in 1948 as the Popular Party (Partido Popular) by Vicente Lombardo Toledano.

Lombardo Toledano, the initial leader of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), decided to launch a new party in response to the increasingly moderate and corrupt policies of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The Popular Party was supported by the mine, oil and rail workers’ unions, but its potential strength in elections was reduced by the strength of the PRI.

It was renamed the Popular Socialist Party in 1960, and over time its leadership became less critical of the PRI. In subsequent years it was often criticized as being a “loyal opposition,” or part of the status quo. This led to a split by the PPS’s left wing in the 1970s that formed the Party of the Mexican People (PPM), which merged with the Mexican Communist Party to form the Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM).

In 1997, a second party with nearly the same name (Popular Socialist Party of Mexico, or PPSM) split off from the older PPS. This splinter group claims to be the true descendant of Lombardo Toledano’s party.

The PPS’s traditional political space (i.e. to the left of the PRI) has largely been captured by the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) since 1989. The PPS lost its registry as a national political party in 1997, though it is currently registered as a national political association under the name Popular Socialista.

PPS presidents

• (1948 - 1968): Vicente Lombardo Toledano
• (1968 - 1989): Jorge Cruickshank García
• (1989 - 1997): Indalecio Sáyago Herrera
• (1997): Manuel Fernández Flores

PPS candidates

• (1952): Vicente Lombardo Toledano
• (1958): Adolfo López Mateos (allied with PRI and PARM)
• (1964): Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (allied with PRI and PARM)
• (1970): Luis Echeverría Álvarez (allied with PRI and PARM)
• (1976): José López Portillo (allied with PRI and PARM)
• (1982): Miguel de la Madrid (allied with PRI and PARM)
• (1988): Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (allied with PARM, PFCRN and PMS to form National Democratic Front)
• (1994): Marcela Lombardo Otero

Generation X was the eponymous first album from Generation X and was produced by Martin Rushent and released in 1978. The album contained the UK hit single “Ready Steady Go” which reached No. 47 in the chart in March 1978.

Track listing

(all songs written by Idol/James).

1. “From The Heart”
2. “One Hundred Punks”
3. “Listen”
4. “Ready Steady Go”
5. “Kleenex”
6. “Promises Promises”
7. “Day By Day”
8. “The Invisible Man”
9. “Kiss Me Deadly”
10. “Too Personal”
11. “Youth Youth Youth”
12. “Your Generation” (2002 CD Bonus Track)
13. “Wild Youth” (2002 CD Bonus Track)
14. “Wild Dub” (2002 CD Bonus Track)
15. “Trying for Kicks” (2002 CD Bonus Track)
16. “This Heat” (2002 CD Bonus Track)

Track listing for US vinyl release

Side A

1. “Gimme Some Truth”
2. “Wild Youth”
3. “From The Heart”
4. “Ready Steady Go”
5. “Kleenex”
6. “Promises Promises”

Side B

1. “Day By Day”
2. “One Hundred Punks”
3. “Your Generation”
4. “Kiss Me Deadly”
5. “Wild Dub”
6. “Youth Youth Youth”

Credits

• Billy Idol − vocals
• Tony James − bass
• Bob “Derwood” Andrews − guitar
• Mark Laff − drums

The War that Made America is a PBS miniseries (produced by WQED Pittsburgh) about the French and Indian War, which was first aired in January 2006. The series features extensive reenactments of historical events, with on-screen narration provided by Canadian actor Graham Greene. Much of the story focuses upon George Washington, connecting his role in the war with the later American Revolution. Pontiac’s Rebellion, which followed the French and Indian War, is also covered in the series.

The book that accompanies the series is The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (2005), by historian Fred Anderson.

Besides Washington, historical people portrayed prominently in the film include:

• Tanacharison
• William Johnson
• Edward Braddock
• Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
• Theyanoguin (”King Hendrick”)
• Mary Jemison
• Guyasuta
• Jeffrey Amherst
• Pontiac

External links

• Review of The War that Made America by Colin G. Calloway at OUP Blog
• Pittsburgh Live article
• Official site

Red Mountain can be one of many places including:

• Red Mountain, Birmingham, Alabama
• Red Mountain, Morrowind
• Red Mountain, Washington Benton County, Washington
• Red Mountain, (Cascades) King County, Washington
• Red Mountain (Arizona)
• Red Mountain (California)
• Red Mountain (Colorado)
• Red Mountain (Montana)
• Red Mountain (Rossland)
• Red Mountain (Nevada)
• Red Mountain AVA
• Red Mountain Freeway Arizona State Route 202
• Red Mountain Pass
• Red Mountain Resort
• Battle of Red Mountain
• Red Mountain () - a village in Poland in Holy Cross Voivodeship in opatowski county in Sadowie commune
• Red Mountain () - a mountain in Poland in Holy Cross Mountains in Bolechowickie Range close to Kielce

A commissurotomy is a surgical incision of a commissure in the body, as one made in the heart to relieve constriction of the mitral valve or one made in the brain to treat certain psychiatric disorders.

Patients with Scleroderma, a disease that thickens and hardens the skin, sometimes require oral commissurotomy to open the corners of the mouth, the commissures, to allow dental treatment. This procedure often leaves characteristic scars.

Neurosurgery to sever the corpus callosum has been used in cases of severe epilepsy to prevent the two hemispheres of the brain communicating.

Brava may refer to:

• Brava, Cape Verde, a volcanic island
• Brava, Costa Rica, an island of Costa Rica (Isla Brava)
• Fiat Brava, a car
• Barawa, a town in Somalia commonly known as Brava
• The Brava Breast Enhancement System

People with the surname Brava:

• Linda Brava, Finnish violinist

Tooth painting is a custom practiced by the Si La ethnic group. This practice has slowly declined with each new generation. The Si La men painted their teeth red and the women paint theirs black.

The practice of whitening teeth has also become popular in Western culture as a form of aesthetic enhancement.

See also

• Ohaguro

Black Mask can refer to:

• Black Mask (magazine), a pulp magazine launched in 1920 by H. L. Mencken and George Jean Nathan
• Black Mask (film), a 1996 movie starring Jet Li.
• Black Mask, the original name of the situationist group later known as Up Against the Wall Motherfuckers
• Black Mask (anarchists), a related anarchist group.
• Black Mask (comics), a villain in fiction starring the character Batman.
• Black Mask, a character in Hikari Sentai Maskman

Painted may refer to objects that have been coated with paint. It may also be used metaphorically for ‘colourful’ or ’strikingly coloured’, or have other meanings, as in the names of:

Animals and plants

Wild birds

• Painted Bunting, Passerina ciris, in the family Cardinalidae
• Painted Bush Quail, Perdicula erythrorhyncha, quail in the family Phasianidae
• Painted Buttonquail, Turnix varia, buttonquail in the family Turnicidae
• Painted Firetail, Emblema pictum
• Painted Francolin, Francolinus pictus, francolin in the family Phasianidae
• Painted Honeyeater, Grantiella picta
• Painted Parakeet, Pyrrhura picta
• Painted Partridge - see: Painted Francolin
• Painted Quail-thrush, Cinclosoma ajax
• Painted Redstart, Myioborus pictus, New World warbler in the family Parulidae
• Painted Sandgrouse, Pterocles indicus, in the family Pteroclidae
• Painted snipe, three wader species in the family Rostratulidae
• Painted Spurfowl, Galloperdix lunulata, in the family Phasianidae
• Painted Stork, Mycteria leucocephala, large stork in the family Ciconiidae
• Painted Tiger Parrot, Psittacella picta
• Painted Tody Flycatcher, Todirostrum pictum

Poultry

• Asturian Painted Hen

Mammals

• Painted Tree Rat, Echimys pictus, species of spiny rat from Brazil

Reptiles

• Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta, tortoise common in North America

Frogs

Painted Frog could refer to a number of species of frog. See:

• Painted Frog

Fish

• Painted fish refers to ornamental aquarium fishes which have been artificially coloured to appeal to consumers
• Painted Greenling, Oxylebius pictus, marine fish native to the eastern Pacific Ocean

Invertebrates

• Painted Apple Moth, Teia anartoides, moth with potential to cause economic and environmental damage
• Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui, widespread butterfly, known in North America as the Cosmopolite
• American Painted Lady, Vanessa virginiensis, butterfly
• Australian Painted Lady, Vanessa kershawi, butterfly

Plants

• Painted Tongue, Salpiglossis sinuata, flowering plant in the family Solanaceae
• Painted Trillium, Trillium undulatum, wildflower of the family Trilliaceae

Places

• Painted churches of northern Moldavia, Romania
• Painted Desert, Arizona, USA
• Painted Desert, South Australia
• Painted Hills, one of three units of the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Wheeler County, Oregon, USA
• Painted Post, village in Steuben County, New York, USA
• Painted Rock Reservoir, second largest lake in Arizona, USA
• Yakima Indian Painted Rocks, tiny state park near Yakima, Washington, USA

Media

Film

• Painted Angels, 1997 film by Jon Sanders
• The Painted Stallion, 1937 Republic Movie serial
• The Painted Veil, 1934 drama film made by MGM
• The Painted Veil, 2006 film directed by John Curran

Radio

• Painted Dreams, American radio soap opera of the 1930s

Television

• Painted Lady, 1997 murder mystery television mini-series starring Helen Mirren

Books

• The Painted Bird, controversial 1965 novel by Jerzy Kosiński
• The Painted Veil, 1925 novel by Somerset Maugham
• A Painted House, novel by American author John Grisham

Music

• Painted From Memory, musical collaboration between Elvis Costello and Burt Bacharach
• Painted Smiles, small record label run by Ben Bagley, based in New York City, USA

Other

• Painted Cyclists, artistic, non-political, clothing-optional bike ride ensemble celebrating the spirit of the Summer Solstice, Seattle, USA
• Painted Grey Ware culture, Iron Age culture of the Gangetic Plain, 1100 BC to 350 BC
• Painted ladies, collective American vernacular term for Victorian houses painted in a multi-coloured pastel scheme
• Painted pebbles, class of Pictish artefact unique to northern Scotland in the first millennium AD

Black Power was a political movement among persons of African descent throughout the world, though it is often associated primarily with African Americans in the United States. Most prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the movement emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy.

The earliest known usage of the term “Black Power” came from a 1954 book by Richard Wright titled “Black Power.” “Yale Book of Quotations” (2006) Yale University Press, edited by Fred R. Shapiro The first use of the term in a political sense may have been by Robert F. Williams, an NAACP chapter president, writer, and publisher of the 1950s and 1960s. New York politician Adam Clayton Powell used the term on May 29, 1966 during a baccalaureate address at Howard University: “To demand these God-given rights is to seek black power.” “Yale Book of Quotations” (2006), edited by Fred R. Shapiro

The first use of the term “Black Power” as social and political slogan was by Stokely Carmichael and Mukasa Dada (then known as Willie Ricks), both organizers and spokespersons for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). On June 16, 1966, after the shooting of James Meredith during the March Against Fear, Carmichael said:

“This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain’t going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin’ us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin’ now is Black Power!”

Some, though not all, Black Power adherents believed in racial separation, black nationalism, and the necessity to use violence as a means of achieving their aims. Such positions were for the most part in direct conflict with those of leaders of the mainstream Civil Rights Movement, and thus the two movements have often been viewed as inherently antagonistic. However certain groups and individuals participated in both civil rights and black power activism.

Internationalist offshoots of black power include African Internationalism, pan-Africanism, black nationalism and black supremacy.

Background

The movement for Black Power in the U.S. came during the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Many members of SNCC, among them Stokely Carmichael, were becoming critical of the nonviolent approach to racism and inequality