Holesaws have the same general mechanical construction as the diamond core drill bit, but, instead of the abrasive effect of diamonds, the holesaw uses the cutting effect of saw teeth. The open end of the saw’s cylinder is milled with saw teeth. Instead of masonry, the holesaw is suitable for cutting wood, plastic, soft plaster or soft metal.

The placement of the saw teeth makes the cut annulus slightly wider than the cylinder wall thickness, so the cylinder doesn’t rub in the cut. Just as in the diamond core drill bit, the cylinder is mounted on a mandrel — an arbor with a centre pilot drill — and has sloping slots to clear sawdust.

Adjustable holesaw

An adjustable holesaw consists of a number of thin metal saw blade-like strips, and a flat disc with a large number of grooves in one side and a shank on the other. By snapping the blades into different grooves on the disc, a hole saw of a wide variety of sizes can be constructed.

Circle cutter

Another type of adjustable hole saw, also called a circle cutter, is formed by having one, two, or three adjustable teeth on a platform with a pilot bit. To cut out a hole of any size, the teeth need only be adjusted to the proper position. This type is available in sizes up to a foot and larger, and can be used to accurately cut large circles.

Besides interdental consonants such as , which involve the tongue, there is at least one confirmed attestation of a true bidental consonant in normal language. The Black Sea sub-dialect of the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe has a bidental non-sibilant fricative where other dialects have [x], such as xə “six” and daxə “pretty”. Therefore it might best be transcribed phonemically as . However, there is no frication at the velum. The teeth themselves are the only constriction: “The lips [are] fully open, the teeth clenched and the tongue flat, the air passing between the teeth; the sound is intermediate between ‘ and ‘” (quoted in Ladefoged & Maddieson, The Sounds of the World’s Languages, pp 144-145). This can be transcribed phonetically as , since [h] has no place of articulation of its own.

In the universal system of notation, the deciduous maxillary second molars are designated by a letter written in uppercase. The right deciduous maxillary second molar is known as “A”, and the left one is known as “J”. The international notation has a different system of notation. Thus, the right deciduous maxillary second molar is known as “55″, and the left one is known as “65″.

In the universal system of notation, the permanent maxillary second molars are designated by a number. The right permanent maxillary second molar is known as “2″, and the left one is known as “15″. In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right second molars would have the same number, “7″, but the right one would have the symbol, “┘”, underneath it, while the left one would have, “└”. The international notation has a different numbering system than the previous two, and the right permanent maxillary second molar is known as “17″, and the left one is known as “27″.

References

• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson, 2003. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition.

The first block cipher to use a form of key whitening is DES-X, which simply uses two extra 64-bit keys for whitening, beyond the normal 56-bit key of DES. This is intended to increase the complexity of a brute force attack, increasing the effective size of the key without major changes in the algorithm. DES-X’s inventor, Ron Rivest, named the technique whitening.

The cipher FEAL (followed by Khufu and Khafre) introduced the practice of key whitening using portions of the same key used in the rest of the cipher. Obviously this offers no additional protection from brute force attacks, but it can make other attacks more difficult. In a Feistel cipher or similar algorithm, key whitening can increase security by concealing the specific inputs to the first and last round function. In particular, it is not susceptible to a meet-in-the-middle attack. This form of key whitening has been adopted as a feature of many later block ciphers, including MARS, RC6, and Twofish.

References

Types

Dental caries is one of many types of caries. Dental caries affects different parts of the teeth: enamel, dentin or cementum; in the crown or the root of the tooth.

Diastema is sometimes caused or exacerbated by tongue thrusting or the pulling action of a labial frenulum (the tissue around the lip), which can push the teeth apart.

In the Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote of the “gap-toothed wife of Bath.” As early as this time period, the gap between the front teeth, especially in women, had been associated with “lustful” characteristics. Thus, the implication in describing “the gap-toothed wyf of Bath” is that she is a “middle-aged” woman with insatiable lust. This has no scientific basis, but it has been a popular assumption in folklore since the Middle Ages.

In Nigerian society, diastemata are regarded as attractive, and some people have even had them created through cosmetic dentistry.Oji, C. (1994). Diastema in Nigerian Society. Retrieved June 23, 2007.

Les Blank’s Gap-Toothed Women is a documentary film about diastematic women.

See also

• Cosmetic dentistry
• Tooth veneers

References

See also

• Erotic sexual denial
• Female dominance

External links

• Mistress Infinity (Femina Society) how-to from mid-1990s (most external links from that page are now defunct)
• Picture of Kali’s teeth bracelet

Similar spirits were believed to cause toothache in the old Finnish religion.

Besides interdental consonants such as , which involve the tongue, there is at least one confirmed attestation of a true bidental consonant in normal language. The Black Sea sub-dialect of the Shapsug dialect of Adyghe has a bidental non-sibilant fricative where other dialects have [x], such as xə “six” and daxə “pretty”. Therefore it might best be transcribed phonemically as . However, there is no frication at the velum. The teeth themselves are the only constriction: “The lips [are] fully open, the teeth clenched and the tongue flat, the air passing between the teeth; the sound is intermediate between ‘ and ‘” (quoted in Ladefoged & Maddieson, The Sounds of the World’s Languages, pp 144-145). This can be transcribed phonetically as , since [h] has no place of articulation of its own.